在這裏，我們重點講一下以下常用時態： 一、一般現在時
一般現在時主要用來表示：
1.
表示一種永久性的、不涉及特定的時間的一般性陳述和客觀存在。 e.g. I) He smokes
too much.
II) It seldom snows here.
2.
用於說明自然規律、客觀真理、科學事實，格言、諺語等也屬於詞類等。 e.g. I) The earth
moves round the sun.
II) Actions speak
louder than words. 行動勝於雄辯。
3.
動作動詞的一般現在時可以表示現階段重複發生的一系列事件。這時常和sometimes,
often, usually, frequently, every
day/week/month/year, daily, monthly, once a
year, twice a day, five times a
month等表示頻度的副詞（短語）連用。 e.g. I) Teenagers
often spend hours shopping, especially on
weekends.
II) We always care for each other
and care for each other.
4.
如果動作動詞所指的是一個在講話時開始並結束的單一行為，則意味著該事件很少或沒有持續性，通常只用于行為語、特殊感歎句或對快速體育運動等的實況報導。 e.g. I) Here comes
the winner.
II) I declare the meeting open.
我宣佈會議開始。
5. 表示將來時間。在由when，if，after，before，as
soon as，even if，in
case，though，till，until，unless，so long
as等引導的時間狀語從句或條件狀語從句中，一般現在時可以用來表示將來時間。 e.g. I) You’d
better take an umbrella in case (萬一) it rains.
II) So long as (只要) you work hard, you’ll
surely succeed.
6.
一般現在時可以用來表示一個按規定、計畫、或安排要發生的情況。但這只限於少數動詞，如begin,
come, go, leave, sail, start, arrive, return,
end, stop, depart, open, close等。 e.g. I) The
plane takes off at 11 a.m.
II) School begins
the day after tomorrow.
III) Is there a film
on tonight?
7. 在I hope, I
bet等後面的that-分句中可用一般現在時表示將來概念。 e.g.I) I bet
Houston Rocket beats Miami Heats this afternoon.
II) I hope the storm passes quickly.
8.
在see (to it), make sure, make
certain等後面的that-分句中可用一般現在時表示將來概念。 e.g. I) Please see
(to it) that windows are closed before you
leave.
II) Be sure that you don’t work too
hard.
9.
用於講故事，敍述文、新聞報導或圖片說明等中，以增加描述的生動性和真實感。 e.g. He sits
down, shivers (顫抖) a little. The clock outside
strikes twelve.
二、一般將來時
一般將來時主要用來表示：
1. 將要發生的動作或情況。 e.g. I) When
shall we have an oral test (口試)?
II) He will
start to work in June.
2. 習慣動作或未來的傾向。 e.g. I) Wherever
he goes, he will take an umbrella with him.
II) Only in this way will we succeed.
只有這樣我們才能成功。
3.
表示將要發生的動作，除了一般將來時外，還有一些其他結構和時態。
a) be going
+ 不定式 (表示打算、準備做的事或即將發生或肯定要發生的事) e.g. I) Look
at those clouds! It’s going to rain.
看那些烏雲，天快下雨了。
II) I am going to leave for
Paris with my classmates next week.
b) be
about + 不定式 (表示正要、剛要發生的事情) e.g. I) The train is about to leave.
II) We are just in time. The curtain is
about to go up. 我們來得很及時，電影剛好拉開序幕。
c) be +
不定式 (表示按日程將要發生的動作) e.g. I) There is
to be a test in the fifth week.
II) I am to
meet my friend at the railway station this
afternoon.
d) 動詞現在時 (見現在進行時2)
e) 一般現在時
(見一般現在時5、6、7、8)
f) 動詞將來進行時，可用來表示不含意圖的將來概念。 e.g. I) Machines
will be doing many jobs that people do today.
II) We will be staying in Beijing for three
days.
三、一般過去時
一般過去時主要用來表示：
1.
表示事件或狀態必定發生在過去，從其完成到現在之間有一段間隔。過去時間可以由狀語表示，如yesterday，an
hour ago，in 1972，last year等。 e.g. I) In 1972,
Father’s Day became a national holiday in the
United States.
II) Jane was here a moment
ago.
2.
動作動詞的一般過去時可以表示在過去一段時間裏重複發生的一系列事件。這時常和sometimes,
often, usually, frequently, every
day/week/month/year, daily, monthly, once a
year, twice a day, five times a
month等表示頻度的副詞（短語）連用。 e.g. I) Ken never
smoked.
II) I went to the cinema three times
last week.
3. 在時間和條件狀語從句中，一般過去時可以替代過去將來時。 e.g. I)
Father promised to buy me a MP3 if he got a pay
raise.
II) I couldn’t watch that exciting
game before my homework was finished.
四、現在完成時
1.
現在完成時只要用來表示：
a)
開始於過去而延續至今的動作（有可能繼續延續下去）或重複性的事件。 e.g. I)
Advertising has become a very specialized
activity in modern times. 廣告在現代社會中已成為一項非常專業化的活動。
II) She has lived here since 1997.
b)
動作的結果到現在時刻仍然存在，常與recently, just, already, yet,
before, in the past few years, up to now, so
far, this year, for, since等時間狀語連用。 e.g. I) So far we
have learned a lot about different tenses.
II) In the past few decades (十年) great
changes have taken place in Hangzhou.
2.
現在完成時和一般過去時的比較：
a) 意義上的區別
兩種時態的動作都發生在過去，現在完成時強調動作現在的結果；過去時著眼過去的動作或狀態本身。試比較： e.g. I) I have
read this book. (說明我瞭解書的內容。)
II) I read this
book yesterday. (敍述昨天做的一件事，與現在無關。)
b)
時間狀語的區別
與一般過去時相關的狀語
yesterday (morning), a month
ago, earlier this month, last week/month/year/
Monday, the other day (前幾天), at that time, in
1979, etc.
與現在完成時相關的狀語
since Monday, so far, ever,
never, up to now/ present, yet, for three days,
etc.
與兩者都相關的狀語
Today, recently, this
week/month/year/June, this
morning/afternoon/evening, recently, before,
once, already, etc.
c) 特殊用法
i) 在“This/ It is the first (second, third,
last, etc.) time …”後用現在完成時。 e.g. It is the first time that I have
traveled by train.
ii) 在“It is/ has been a
long time since …”後用過去時。 e.g. It has been 10 years since I
graduated from my university.
iii) 在“This is
+ 最高級形容詞 + 名詞”後的從句中用現在完成時。 e.g. He is the most interesting person I have ever
met.
五、將來完成時
將來完成時由shall (will)
have加過去分詞構成，主要表示將來某時已經發生的事情。如果句子中有“by +
將來的某一時間”或when, before等時間狀語時，可以用將來完成時。 e.g. I) I shall
have finished my homework before lunch.
II)
By the end of next month, he will have lived
here fore three years.
III) When we get
there, they will probably have left.
IV)
Hurry up, or the train will have left by the
time we get to the station.
六、過去完成時
1.
過去完成時的用法
過去完成時主要表示先於過去某一時間的事件或狀態，即“過去的過去”。這一事件或狀態可以在過去某一時間以前已經完成，也可能從“過去的過去”某一時間一直延續到過去某一時間（甚至還可能延續下去，但與現在時間無關）。
a) 過去完成時常和after, before, by, till, when,
until等引入的狀語連用。 e.g. I) I began
collecting stamps in February and by November I
had collected more than 2000.
II) When I
woke up it had already stopped raining.
III)
She didn’t go to bed until she had finished her
homework.
b) 在很多情況下沒有明顯的時間狀語，時間由上下文表示出來。 e.g.I) He went to
see his boss and told him what had happened.
II) They returned earlier than we had
expected.
c) 過去完成時的幾種特殊用法
i)
和before連用，表示“還沒……就”。 e.g. I) She cried
before I had realized what was happening.
我還沒有意識到發生什麼事情她就哭了起來。
II) They set out before
I had told them the address.
ii)
“It/This/That was the first/second/third time
that …” 結構中的從句，要求用過去完成時態。 e.g. I) It was the first time they had
tried foreign food.
II) It was the first
time that he had finished his composition in 30
minutes.
iii) 在“no sooner … than
…”和“hardly/scarcely … when
…”的結構中，主句中用過去完成時，從句中用一般過去時。 e.g. I) I had
hardly closed my eyes when the telephone rang.
II) No sooner had we begun than we were told
to stop.
iv) 與expect, hope, intend, mean,
plan, suppose, think,
want等動詞連用時，表示過去的希望、預期、意圖或願望等沒有實現。 e.g. I) I had
planned to visit you, but I just couldn’t find
time.
II) He had hoped to help you, but he
was ill.
2. 過去完成時和一般過去時的比較：
過去完成時表示過去某一時刻，或某個動作前發生的事，即過去的過去，它著眼於顯示過去發生的幾個動作的先後。一般過去時只敍述過去某時刻或某時刻後發生的動作，但不強調時間順序。 e.g. I) When he
got home, his wife had already prepared the
dinner. (他回家前飯已做好。)
II) When he got home, he
saw a letter on his desk. (他回家後看到桌上有一封信。)
七、現在進行時
現在進行時主要用來表示：
1. 現在或現在這一階段正在進行的動作。 e.g. I) They are
making preparations for it.
II) He is
showing a foreign guest round the city.
2.
一個在最近按計劃或安排要進行的動作。但這只限於少數動詞，如go, come, leave,
start, arrive, return, work, sleep, stay, do,
play等。 e.g. I) We
are leaving on Friday.
II) I am seeing the
doctor today.
3.
有時用來代替一般現在時，表示一個經常性動作或狀態，通常是為了表示一種感情（如讚歎、厭煩等）。 e.g. I) He is
constantly complaining about his teacher.
他老是抱怨他的老師。
II) How are you feeling today?
III) He is always boasting. 他老愛說大話。
be間或可以用在進行時態，表示一時的表現。 e.g. I) The boy is
being difficult. 這男孩正在鬧彆扭。(可能他平時很聽話的。)
II)
Frank is being a good boy today.
弗蘭克今天很乖。（可能他平時並不乖。） 八、過去進行時
過去進行體和現在進行體的用法相仿，只是時間向過去推移而已。過去進行時表示過去某時或某斷時期正在進行的動作。 e.g. I) What
were you doing when I called?
II) What were
you doing last night at 10 o’clock? 九、將來進行時
將來進行時表示將來某時或某時期正在進行的動作。 e.g. I) I don’t
know what my wife will be doing when I return
home.
II) When I prepare for the college
entrance examination (高考), my sister will be
taking her vacation (度假) at the seaside.
十、現在完成進行時
現在完成進行時可以用來表示：
1.
表示現在某時刻之前一直在進行著的動作，這個動作可能已經完成，也可能仍在進行。 e.g. I) How long
has it been raining?
II) I have been working
on my paper for five years.
2. 有些延續動詞如live,
study, teach,
work等的現在完成時與現在完成進行時的區別不大，都表示延續一段時間的動作，現在完成時更強調動作的延續性。 e.g. I) I have
lived here for ten years. = I have been living
here for ten years.
II) How long have you
taught English here? = How long have you been
teaching English here?
但是，多數延續性動詞的現在完成時與現在完成進行時表達的意義有所不同。 e.g. He has been
writing this morning and has written four
letters. 十一、過去完成進行時
過去完成進行時的主要用法與現在完成進行時的用法相仿，只是時間推移到了過去。 e.g. I) They had
been waiting for half an hour before the bus
came.
II) The fire had been burning for over
a week.
十二、將來完成進行時
將來完成進行時將來某時刻前一直進行的動作。 e.g. I) By next
year he will have been teaching English for 30
years.
II) In an hour you will have been
surfing the net (上網) for 5 hours today.
shall/ will study 
